Ms Cooper's IGCSE Biology: mastering the first 7 topics
Topics 1-7 from the Cambridge IGCSE curriculum
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8.5 hours
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Jul 2016
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What you will learn
CHARACTERISTICS AND CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING ORGANISMS
Describe and define the 7 characteristics of living organisms
State how organisms are classified based on the features that they share
Define and describe the binomial system of naming
Define species
Describe the hierarchy of classification
Explain that classification systems aim to reflect evolutionary relationships
Explain that classification is traditionally based on studies of morphology and anatomy
Explain that the sequences of bases in DNA and of amino acids in proteins are used as a more accurate means of classification
Explain that organisms which share a more recent ancestor (are more closely related) have base sequences in DNA that are more similar than those that share only a distant ancestor
Use the pentadactyl limb as an example to explain the anatomical similarities between different organisms
Describe and compare the structure of a plant cell with an animal cell, as seen under a light microscope
State the functions of the structures seen under the light microscope in the plant cell and in the animal cell
ORGANISATION OF THE ORGANISM
Describe the features that put organisms into one of the 5 kingdoms
Describe the structure of a virus and how a virus replicates
State the properties of bacteria, fungi and protista
List the features of ferns and flowering plants
State the differences between monocotyledons and dicotyledons
List the characteristics of the 5 classes of vertebrates in the animal kingdom
Describe the features of crustaceans, insects, arachnids, myriapods that are used to classify them into groups
Construct and use simple dichotomous keys based on easily identifiable features 
Describe and compare the structure of a plant cell with an animal cell, as seen under a light microscope
State the functions of the structures seen under the light microscope in the plant cell and in the animal cell
State that the cytoplasm contains ribosomes on rough endoplasmic reticulum
State that aerobic respiration occurs in mitochondria
Identify the specialised cells and Describe the feature that makes it adapted to its function.
Identify the different levels of organisation in drawings, diagrams and images
Calculate magnification and size of biological specimens, using millimetres and micrometres
MOVEMENT IN AND OUT OF CELLS
Define diffusion, osmosis and active transport
Give examples of diffusion in the laboratory
State how substances move into and out of the cell through the cell membrane by diffusion
Describe diffusion of gases in the leaf and lungs, and food in the small intestines
State how the alveolus is adapted for gaseous exchange
State how the villus is adapted for absorption of nutrients
Describe the factors that affect the rate of diffusion
Relate how these factors link to diffusion in living organisms
Explain how to demonstrate osmosis using a partially permeable membrane
Define water potential
Explain the importance of water potential and osmosis on animal and plant tissues
Explain what will happen when you put plant and animal cells into solutions of different concentrations
Explain how plants are supported by the turgor pressure in cell walls
Describe an experiment to test how plant tissue is affected by different solutions
Discuss the importance of active transport as a process for movement across membranes
Explain how protein molecules move particles across a membrane during active transport
State the differences between active transport and diffusion
BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES
State the elements that make up carbohydrates, fats and proteins
List the food sources of lipids, carbohydrates and proteins and their functions
List the properties of monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides
State what a hydrolysis reaction is and condensation reaction is
Explain how the sequence of amino acids determines the protein’s shape
Explain why the shape of the protein is so important in enzymes and antibodies
Describe the test for reducing sugars, starch, lipids, proteins and Vitamin C
Plan and describe an experiment to test if fresh lemon juice has more vitamin C compared to bottled lemon juice.
Use food tests to identify what nutrients are in 5 different solutions
State what chromatin, chromosomes and genes are
State which bases pair together in DNA
Describe the structure of DNA
Explain how the information from the gene is transferred from the nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm
ENZYMES
Define the terms catalyst and enzyme
Describe why enzymes are important in all living organisms.
Describe how an enzyme works with reference to active site, enzyme-substrate complex and product.
Explain the “lock and key” model.
State the 5 properties of enzymes.
State how to measure the activity of an enzyme
Explain the effect of changes in temperature and pH on enzyme activity
Design an experiment to test how temperature and pH affects the rate of a reaction.
PLANT NUTRITION
Write the word and chemical equation for photosynthesis
Define photosynthesis
State where the raw materials for the reaction come from
Explain that chlorophyll transfers light energy into chemical energy in molecules, for the synthesis of carbohydrates
State the uses of sugars in plants
Describe how to test for oxygen
Draw and label a leaf
Identify and label the different tissue layers inside a leaf
Explain how leaves are adapted for photosynthesis
Describe how the stomata open and close
Describe how to test a leaf for starch, explaining what each step does
Describe how test for each of the factors necessary for photosynthesis
Define the rate limiting factor
Describe how to investigate the effect of varying temperature, light intensity and carbon dioxide concentration on the rate of photosynthesis
Draw the graph of results and describe them
Describe the effect of increasing light intensity on the rate of photosynthesis at 2 concentrations of carbon dioxide
Explain the use of carbon dioxide enrichment, optimum light and temperature in a glasshouse system and how these factors are controlled
Describe the importance of nitrate ions and magnesium ions in plant nutrition
Explain the effects of nitrate and magnesium deficiency on plants
Explain how leguminous plants improve the nitrogen content in soil
Describe an experiment to test which nutrients are needed for plant growth
Explain the difference between chemical and natural fertilisers and the advantages and disadvantages of each.
Use hydrogen carbonate indicator solution to investigate gaseous exchange of an aquatic plant kept in the light and in the dark
HUMAN NUTRITION
Define nutrition and balanced diet
State the 7 nutrients needed in a balanced diet and what these nutrients are needed for
Describe the effect that age, sex, activity, pregnancy and breast feeding have on dietary requirements
State how saturated fat is linked to high cholesterol and heart disease
Describe how the lack of fibre is linked to bowel cancer
State how fibre is linked to reducing the risk of heart disease.
State what the unit of energy is
Use the body mass index to tell if someone is obese
State what diseases are linked to obesity
Describe the difference between malnutrition and starvation
State the importance of Vitamin C, D, iron and calcium and the deficiency symptoms that results from a lack of them.
Define ingestion, digestion, absorption, assimilation, egestion
Define and label where chemical and mechanical digestion take place
Identify and name the 4 types of teeth and what they are used for,
Describe the structure of a tooth
Explain how plaque is formed and the steps in tooth decay
Describe the proper care of teeth, and the use of fluoride
Describe the events that occur in the mouth
State what saliva comprises
Describe swallowing
Describe peristalsis, including the contraction of the circular and longitudinal muscles
Describe the digestion of food in the stomach
State what the sphincter muscles do
State what chyme is
Describe where bile is made, stored and released and how it helps with digestion
Describe what is in pancreatic juice and what the different enzymes do
State what the 3 parts of the small intestine are called, discussing digestion in the duodenum and absorption in the ileum
Explain the structure of a villus
Explain how the ileum is adapted for absorption
State the functions of the liver and how the liver is involved in assimilation
Describe the large intestine and its function
Explain how cholera is transmitted and how it causes diarrhoea and dehydration
Explain what oral rehydration therapy is and how it works.
At the end of my course, students will be able to...
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11/6/2020
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